EOS: Blockchain Architecture for Decentralized Applications

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EOS is a game-changing blockchain architecture. It aims to scale decentralized apps to millions of users. This innovative system maintains high performance while eliminating user fees.

EOS.IO software powers the EOS blockchain. It introduces a new approach to blockchain architecture. The system scales applications both vertically and horizontally¹.

EOS provides a complete framework for building decentralized apps. It includes accounts, authentication, databases, and communication. The system also schedules across CPU cores or clusters.

The EOS blockchain uses Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS). Token holders select block producers through continuous approval voting¹. This system produces blocks every 0.5 seconds.

A single producer is authorized at a time. This results in a highly efficient and secure blockchain¹.

EOS can handle millions of transactions per second. It eliminates user fees through vertical and horizontal scaling techniques². The system also uses parallel execution of applications.

EOS offers a user-friendly experience without transaction costs. This approach aims to drive widespread adoption of decentralized apps².

The EOS ecosystem has gained significant traction. It distributed 1 billion EOS tokens during a year-long sale². These tokens were initially issued as ERC-20 compatible tokens.

The tokens have since moved to the native EOS blockchain. Developers can now create ERC20-like tokens on EOS. They can also host ICOs on the platform².

Key Takeaways

• EOS introduces a new blockchain architecture designed to scale decentralized applications vertically and horizontally.
• The EOS.IO software enables the production of blocks every 0.5 seconds, with a single producer authorized at a time.
• EOS utilizes the Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS) consensus algorithm, allowing token holders to select block producers through a continuous approval voting system.
• EOS aims to scale to millions of transactions per second while eliminating user fees, providing a user-friendly experience for decentralized applications.
• The EOS ecosystem has gained significant traction, with 1 billion EOS tokens distributed during a year-long token sale.

Introduction to EOS Blockchain

EOS is a groundbreaking blockchain platform for building decentralized apps (dApps) at scale. It quickly became a top 5 cryptocurrency, showing its huge potential in the blockchain world³.

EOS tackles the scalability issue that plagues other platforms like Ethereum. It can handle millions of transactions per second with its Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS) system³.

Compared to Visa’s 1667 transactions per second and PayPal’s 193, Bitcoin processes 3-4 and Ethereum manages 20³. EOS outperforms them all.

What is EOS?

EOS is a decentralized operating system for building and deploying dApps. Its initial coin offering raised $4.1 billion in crypto⁴. In June 2018, 1 billion EOS tokens hit the EOSIO mainnet⁴.

EOS can handle 100 million transactions daily, or 1,157 per second⁴. Transactions cost just 0.01 EOS ($0.004786 as of Oct. 12, 2024)⁴.

In contrast, Ethereum manages about 12 transactions per second. Its average fees are 6.8 gwei ($0.061 on Oct. 12, 2024) per transaction⁴.

Key Features of EOS

EOS stands out with these unique features:

• Scalability: EOS processes millions of transactions per second, beating Bitcoin (3 TPS) and Ethereum (15 TPS)³⁵.
• Zero transaction fees: Users don’t pay fees, making EOS more accessible for dApp developers and users.
• Enhanced security: Block producers can freeze dApps during attacks, allowing quick system recovery³.
• Flexible permission system: Custom permission schemes protect smart contract features and distribute authority across accounts³.
• Energy efficiency: EOS uses less energy than other platforms due to its DPoS consensus³.

In May 2024, EOS voters capped total tokens at 2.1 billion. They also added a four-year halving cycle for staking rewards⁴.

On Sept. 25, 2024, EOS switched to a new consensus algorithm called Savanna. This change marks another big step in its growth⁴.

EOS Blockchain Architecture

EOS blockchain supports dApps at scale. It uses Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS)⁶. Token holders elect block producers to validate transactions and maintain blockchain integrity⁶.

Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS) Consensus

DPoS in EOS has two layers. The first uses aBFT for block production. The second uses DPoS for producer voting⁶.

This combo ensures network stability and speed. EOS offers over 17,000 transactions per second⁷. It achieves finality in just 1.5 seconds⁷.

Block Production and Scheduling

Elected producers sign valid blocks⁶. Token holders vote for reliable candidates. The Savanna algorithm enhances Inter-Blockchain Communication⁷.

Producers work on a schedule for fair block production. This approach, with DPoS, maintains a reliable network. EOS has a history of uninterrupted operational days⁷.

Byzantine Fault Tolerance in EOS

EOS uses Byzantine Fault Tolerance (BFT) for security. BFT-DPoS ensures stability and speed⁶. This combo tolerates some faulty producers without compromising the network.

EOS’s architecture provides a strong base for scalable dApps.

EOS also boasts an extremely low carbon footprint. This makes it an eco-friendly choice for blockchain projects⁷.

Scalability and Performance of EOS

EOS is a highly scalable blockchain platform. It can support thousands of commercial-scale decentralized applications (dApps)⁸. EOS focuses on vertical and horizontal scaling to meet growing network demands.

EOS uses a Delegated Proof-of-Stake (DPoS) consensus mechanism. The Savanna Consensus upgrade reduced finality time to just 1 second⁹. This allows for faster transactions and a more responsive experience.

Vertical and Horizontal Scaling

EOS uses both vertical and horizontal scaling techniques. Vertical scaling boosts individual node capacity. Horizontal scaling adds more nodes to spread the workload.

The EOS Virtual Machine (EOS VM) is key for vertical scaling. Smart contracts run 4-5 times faster with the EOS VM compiler⁹. This enables more efficient processing of complex computations.

EIP-4844 integration on the EOS Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) will improve scalability. It’s expected to reduce costs for Layer 2 solutions⁹.

Parallel Execution of Applications

EOS supports parallel execution across multiple CPU cores and computers. This allows large-scale dApps to divide their workload efficiently. Developers can build dApps on EOS without transaction costs⁸.

EOS plans to introduce a gas redistribution mechanism. This will reward high-performance dApps for their efficient network contributions⁹. It encourages developers to optimize their applications for better scalability.

EOS aims to be a top blockchain platform for enterprise-grade decentralized applications. Its advanced architecture and ongoing improvements make it ready for industry demands. EOS is set to drive widespread adoption of decentralized technologies.

EOS Accounts and Permissions

EOS offers a powerful account and permission system. It allows precise control over blockchain actions and resources. Users can create nearly 1.15 quintillion accounts, each with a unique 1-12 character name¹⁰.

Account ownership is based solely on the account name. This feature makes key updates simple without redistribution needs¹⁰. EOS accounts include details like RAM quota, CPU limits, and permissions¹⁰.

To use an EOSIO blockchain, you need an account. Each account requires at least one key pair for verification¹¹.

EOS uses role-based permissions with named levels and hierarchies. These permissions can have parent-child relationships, allowing implicit action authorizations¹⁰. Every account has two default permissions: “owner” and “active”.

The owner permission is the highest level, used for recovery. The active permission handles most daily operations¹⁰. Authority tables linked to permissions contain factors like threshold values and key weights.

These factors determine action authorization¹⁰. For instance, a publish permission might need two actors to authorize actions¹⁰. Permission authority is crucial for executing transactions on EOSIO blockchains.

Cleos commands use the -p switch to specify signing permissions¹¹.

Transactions are permanently stored on the blockchain with signer information. Keep private keys safe in a secure, unlocked wallet for use¹¹.

To create an account, generate a key pair first. Then, create the account and import its private key to the wallet¹¹. You can check account info on the blockchain afterward.

Use the cleos set account command to update account information¹¹. This ensures your account stays current and secure on the EOS network.

Actions and Handlers in EOS

EOS blockchain offers a strong framework for actions in decentralized apps. Actions are key units that define smart contract behavior¹². They’re grouped by purpose and implemented as methods in C++ classes¹³.

Each EOS account has a unique 12-character name. Accounts have private databases only their action handlers can access¹⁴. This ensures secure, isolated action execution for each account.

Schema Defined Actions

EOS actions can follow a set structure and data format. This allows consistent execution across different smart contracts. Regular and context-free actions are handled at the transaction level¹³.

Action authorization requires signatures from blockchain actors. The EOS permissions system allows flexible authorization setup. It includes single-sig and multi-sig accounts with various permission levels¹⁴.

Generic Multi Index Database API

EOS offers a powerful Generic Multi Index Database API. It lets smart contracts store and retrieve data efficiently. This API enables creation of complex data structures and indexes.

Developers can define custom tables and indexes with this API. This flexibility allows for optimized data storage and retrieval. It enhances performance and scalability of EOS-based decentralized applications.

The EOS.IO software provides a powerful framework for building and executing decentralized applications, with actions and handlers at the core of its functionality.

Schema defined actions and the Generic Multi Index API enable robust smart contracts. The permissions system ensures secure action execution. The database API allows smooth data management in the blockchain¹³¹⁴.

Resource Management in EOS

EOS uses a unique resource management model. It boosts network efficiency and user experience. The system introduces a new way to allocate and manage resources.

EOS uses a receiver pays model for resource management. The transaction receiver bears the cost, not the sender. This prevents spam and encourages mindful resource use.

RAM in EOSIO is measured in kilobytes (KiB). CPU bandwidth uses microseconds (μs) for processing time. NET bandwidth is measured in transaction bytes¹⁵.

Users can delegate capacity to apps in EOS. This lets apps access resources without direct purchase. It promotes dApp development and adoption on EOS.

Resource limits in EOSIO cover CPU/NET and RAM for each account. The default replenishment period is 24 hours¹⁵.

Separating Transaction Costs from Token Value

EOS separates transaction costs from token value. This creates a stable environment for users and developers. Network costs aren’t tied to EOS token value.

CPU elastic resource config includes maximum usage and desired usage. It also considers average window and expansion/contraction rates¹⁵.

Virtual CPU in EOSIO has a range between maximum and multiplied usage values. Average CPU use is calculated with Exponential Moving Average (EMA)¹⁵.

EOS considers state storage costs in resource management. This keeps the network efficient as blockchain data grows. Elastic limit adjustments use current limits and target usage levels¹⁵.

Innovations in Resource Management: WRAM

EOS Wrapped RAM (WRAM) is a recent development. It tokenizes RAM, extending its tradeability beyond EOS. WRAM can be listed on external exchanges¹⁶.

WRAM offers more flexibility than traditional RAM. It works on-chain and off-chain, and can be used by multiple wallets¹⁶.

WRAM has a max supply of 418945440768 bytes (390 GB). There’s a 0.5% fee for issuing WRAM tokens. This improves liquidity and simplifies trading on major exchanges¹⁶.

WRAM will bridge to Ethereum and Binance Smart Chain. This allows listing on major decentralized exchanges¹⁶.

BlockSec audited the eosio.wram contract. They confirmed its security and operational soundness¹⁶. WRAM opens new markets and use-cases within EOS and beyond¹⁶.

Governance and Constitution

EOS has a unique governance model with a constitution for its decentralized ecosystem. The EOS mainnet uses Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS) consensus. Twenty-one elected Block Producers (BPs) validate transactions and maintain the network¹⁷.

EOS governance allows freezing accounts and changing account code. BPs banned 7 accounts initially to protect against scams and theft¹⁷. The top 21 BPs voted to freeze affected accounts without an official order from ECAF¹⁸.

The EOS governance model has faced challenges. Some BPs don’t comply with the block producer agreement¹⁸. Debates about ‘vote buying’ have sparked within the community¹⁸. ECAF is updating its website and communicating more openly to address these issues¹⁸.

EOS governance has shown resilience and adaptability. Six weeks post-launch, they announced changes to token distribution¹⁷. This move highlights the flexibility of the governance model. No critical bugs or exploits have been found so far¹⁸.

Governance debates in blockchain protocols mirror the evolution of traditional legal systems¹⁷. Like the US Constitution, EOS governance is expected to transform as it matures¹⁷. EOS aims to balance constitutional rules with adaptability¹⁹.

The EOS community recognizes the importance of effective governance. Open dialogue, transparency, and stakeholder participation are key. EOS is leading the way in decentralized governance, focusing on long-term success and sustainability.

Upgrading and Bug Recovery

EOS blockchain offers seamless upgrades and efficient bug recovery. It processes millions of transactions quickly, making it ideal for high-volume apps²⁰. The platform allows easy upgrades and bug fixes without hard forking²⁰.

This ensures smooth operation of decentralized applications (dApps). EOS’s unique features enable quick bug fixing and app scaling²⁰.

Upgrading the Protocol & Constitution

EOS lets block producers replace account code without hard forking. This enables smooth evolution of the protocol and constitution²¹. The platform can handle thousands of transactions per second.

EOS has potential to scale further, improving user experience. It can support millions of users on live products²¹.

The platform has a total supply of 1,006,245,120.00 EOS tokens. Its circulating supply is 906,245,118.00 EOS, about 90% of the total²². This large supply supports widespread adoption of EOS-based apps.

Emergency Changes

EOS has a special protocol for emergency changes. This allows quick action to address critical issues or vulnerabilities. The platform ensures network stability during emergencies.

EOS.IO confirms transactions in just 1.5 seconds. This low latency benefits businesses running blockchain applications²².

The EOS blockchain’s innovative approach to upgrading and bug recovery stands out. It offers a flexible environment for building and using decentralized applications.

EOS blockchain provides scalability, low costs, and fast speeds. Businesses benefit from these features and the platform’s robust upgrading capabilities.

Interoperability and Communication

EOS blockchain architecture aims to connect different blockchain networks seamlessly. It breaks down barriers between Bitcoin, Ethereum, and EOS²³. Trust EVM is now called EOS EVM, using EOS tech for Ethereum ecosystem compatibility²⁴.

The Inter Blockchain Communication (IBC) protocol is key for EOS interoperability. The first Antelope IBC wrap token transfer showed potential between Antelope chains²⁴. EOS recognizes the importance of interoperability standards, similar to Cosmos network’s IBC use²³.

EOS’s 2024-2025 roadmap focuses on scalability, developer efficiency, and cross-chain interoperability. Major upgrades are planned for EOS EVM, Middleware, and exSat²⁵. The Spring v1.0.0 upgrade will introduce Savanna Consensus in Q3 2024.

EOS EVM enhancements include integrating EIP-4844 to improve Layer 2 data availability in Q4 2024²⁵. This will reduce finality time to one second.

Inter Blockchain Communication

IBC is crucial for EOS interoperability, allowing blockchains to exchange information seamlessly²³. It creates opportunities for cross-chain decentralized exchanges and integration with AI and IoT²³.

Merkle Proofs for Light Client Validation

EOS uses Merkle proofs for efficient light client validation. Users can verify transactions without storing the entire blockchain history. The latest EOS EVM on Jungle 4 testnet uses Silkworm for quicker implementation²⁴.

Interoperability remains a key focus for EOS. Blockchain technology integration with legal industries drives the need for seamless network communication. Challenges persist, but the benefits of an interconnected blockchain universe are vast²³.

With its robust architecture and dedication to interoperability, EOS is well-positioned to lead the charge in creating a more connected and efficient blockchain ecosystem.

Tokenomics and Resource Usage

EOS has a new tokenomics model with a 2.1 billion token supply cap. This design aims to promote sustainable growth in the ecosystem. The new proposal reflects community feedback and industry best practices²⁶.

EOS uses both objective and subjective measurements for resource management. Network fees go to the top 21 active block producers. The REX 2.0 upgrade further incentivizes these producers²⁶.

The annual pay rate starts at 3.617%, distributing about 76 million EOS yearly. This rate halves every 4 years to control token release²⁷.

The pay factor allocates 16.46% to block producers and 83.54% to eosio.saving. This saving account funds the EOS Network Foundation, Labs, and staking rewards²⁷.

Various accounts have distinct permissions for managing token distribution and economic activities. These include eosio.reward, eosio.fees, fund.wram, and eosio.mware²⁷.

EOS provides computational resources to decentralized apps without charging for blockchain service. Unused capacity can be leased out for efficient resource allocation²⁸.

The worker proposal system funds ecosystem development. It allocates 15 million EOS for public goods funding and middleware development²⁷.

An additional 15 million EOS supports infrastructure, with 5 million going to Greymass initially²⁶.

Liquidity provisioning and market-making are key priorities. 315 million EOS is allocated for these efforts across exchanges and DeFi platforms²⁷.

Another 350 million EOS goes to RAM for market-making to boost liquidity²⁶.

The EOS tokenomics model is designed to foster sustainable growth and efficient resource allocation within the ecosystem, providing a solid foundation for the development and adoption of decentralized applications.

Developing Decentralized Applications on EOS

EOS is a robust blockchain platform for building decentralized applications (dApps). It uses smart contracts and virtual machines for innovative, scalable apps. EOS separates authentication from application logic, offering flexible permission management and secure access.

EOS boasts high scalability using Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS). It claims to handle millions of transactions per second. This surpasses Visa’s 1,667 and PayPal’s 193 transactions per second²⁹.

EOS outperforms Bitcoin (3-4 transactions) and Ethereum (15-20 transactions) per second²⁹³⁰. This makes EOS a top choice for high-performance dApps.

Smart Contracts and Virtual Machines

EOS smart contracts are written in C++, a familiar language for developers. WebAssembly (WASM) virtual machines execute these contracts efficiently. Developers use schemas to define database structures and actions.

Building an EOS dApp requires several components. These include smart contracts, unit tests, and deployment scripts. Web frameworks, design elements, and blockchain interaction services are also necessary³¹.

The TodoManager React dApp serves as a practical template. It shows developers how to structure and build an EOS dApp³¹.

Separating Authentication from Application

EOS uniquely separates user authentication from application logic. This allows for various authentication methods, like multi-factor authentication. Developers can manage user permissions at a granular level.

EOS user accounts offer robust authentication features. They have varying permission levels and local data protection. This enhances the security and privacy of dApps²⁹.

EOS simplifies dApp deployment with helpful features. These include server hosting, cloud storage, and bandwidth access. Developers can focus on building innovative applications without infrastructure worries²⁹.

EOS has become a leading blockchain platform worldwide. It excels in gaming, gambling, and ride-hailing apps. Music streaming, activity monitoring, and digital payment software also thrive on EOS²⁹.

EOS Community and Ecosystem

The EOS community is a dynamic group dedicated to the blockchain’s growth. Started in 2018, EOS is a widely adopted, high-performing public blockchain network³². It uses Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS) for consensus³².

EOS investors vote for witnesses to verify transactions. The number of votes depends on the amount of EOS tokens staked³³. This system ensures a fair and efficient blockchain operation.

The EOS ecosystem includes diverse projects and initiatives. BOS Network offers user-friendly infrastructure for DApp operations³². COFFE network is an EOSIO platform fork with modified DPoS-based algorithms³².

Europechain is a GDPR-supported enterprise blockchain platform in the European Union³². Telos supports future economies, while Ultra focuses on revolutionizing the gaming industry³².

WAX enables secure trading of digital or physical items. WORBLI is a financial services oriented blockchain network³². Proton is a platform for consumer applications and peer-peer payments³².

EOS Token Distribution

EOS token distribution was crucial for the community’s growth. EOS aims to process millions of transactions per second³³. This is significantly more than Ethereum’s 15 transactions per second³³.

Block producers (BPs) publish their desired income amount. This helps calculate the tokens they receive, with caps to prevent excessive inflation³³. BPs generate blocks and receive EOS tokens as compensation³³.

Developer Resources and Support

The EOS community offers extensive resources for developers building decentralized applications. EOS New York was one of the original 21 block producers³³. They played a key role in the chain’s launch.

In 2020, the Associated Press partnered with Everipedia. They published U.S. Presidential Election vote counts on the EOS blockchain³³. This ensured accurate handling of voter data.

Understanding cryptocurrency is crucial for developers using the EOS platform. EOS offers a robust ecosystem for creating and deploying decentralized applications. Its thriving community provides ample support and resources.

Source Links

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