Common Mistakes in Climate Justice and How to Avoid Them

climate justice

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Did you know that countries like Somalia and Chad are hit hard by climate change? They emit very little greenhouse gases but suffer a lot. This shows we need climate justice, which is more than saving the environment. It’s about human rights and how we all are affected worldwide1.

Climate justice means we must see how climate change affects everyone differently. Women, for example, often deal with more work at home and face more violence when resources are scarce1. It’s important to understand these issues to act right on climate change.

Exploring climate justice, you’ll see it’s about more than just emissions. It’s about fairness, history, and equality. By avoiding mistakes, we can work towards fair and effective climate solutions.

Key Takeaways

  • Climate justice addresses both environmental and human rights issues
  • Low-emission countries often face the harshest climate change impacts
  • Women are disproportionately affected by climate disasters
  • Geographic injustice is a key factor in climate change effects
  • Understanding historical context is crucial for effective climate action
  • Addressing gender inequality is essential in climate justice efforts

Understanding Climate Justice: A Comprehensive Overview

Climate justice focuses on how climate change affects different communities unfairly. It says not everyone is equally to blame or suffers equally from climate change.

Defining Climate Justice and Its Importance

Climate justice means everyone gets a fair say in environmental decisions, no matter their race, color, or income. The U.S. has emitted over a quarter of all carbon emissions, while Africa has emitted less than 3%2. This shows we need to act on climate change with fairness in mind.

The Intersection of Climate Change and Social Equality

Environmental justice is linked to social equality. Minority groups like indigenous, Black, brown, and low-income people face more climate impacts3. For instance, Latinx communities are twice as likely to live in wildfire danger zones3.

Key Principles of Climate Justice

Climate justice means understanding past wrongs and finding fair solutions. Wealthy nations must own up to their climate role and help poorer ones switch to clean energy2. This is key for making climate policies that are both sustainable and fair.

Climate Justice Principle Example
Historical Responsibility The UK’s past emissions and current ‘true’ carbon footprint
Equitable Solutions $100 billion annual climate finance commitment
Empowering Marginalized Communities Upholding indigenous peoples’ rights in climate policy

Citizens and communities are now taking governments and companies to court over climate injustices4. This shows there’s a big push for environmental justice and effective climate action.

The Global Impact of Climate Change

Climate change is changing our world in big ways. It’s making extreme weather events more common, leading to big environmental problems. Did you know the past 10 years have been the warmest on record since 1880? This shows how fast climate change is happening.

Climate change’s effects are wide and varied. We’re seeing more heatwaves, wildfires, and floods. These events threaten our ecosystems, food supply, and health. Indigenous groups are at the forefront of fighting climate change, showing us how to adapt and mitigate its effects5.

Climate change hits low-income and BIPOC communities the hardest, even though they didn’t cause it5. They often find it hard to adapt because they have fewer resources5. For instance, communities near petrochemical plants face higher risks of health problems like cancer and heart disease5.

“Climate change is considered the ultimate social determinant of health.”

This quote highlights how climate change affects our health. In fact, health is mostly shaped by social factors, making up to 80% of health outcomes6. As the climate crisis worsens, we’re seeing more health issues.

New solutions are coming forward. Regenerative farming helps store carbon in soil, fighting climate change5. Forests and farms are key to fighting climate change fairly, through practices like agroforestry and forest restoration5.

Climate Solution Benefits
Regenerative Farming Carbon sequestration, soil health improvement
Agroforestry Biodiversity enhancement, sustainable land use
Forest Restoration Carbon absorption, habitat preservation

Space tourism might be exciting, but we should focus on Earth’s big environmental challenges. Climate change is a global problem that needs worldwide action. We must fight for climate justice and support those hit hardest by it.

Geographic Injustice in Climate Change

Climate change doesn’t hit everyone equally. Some countries suffer a lot even if they don’t emit much carbon. This shows we need a fair way to fight climate change.

Countries Most Affected vs. Highest Emitters

The gap between countries hit hard by climate change and those emitting the most carbon is huge. Poor countries often get hit the hardest, even if they don’t pollute much. For example, in the U.S., rich areas emit a lot of carbon, but poor, often Black and minority communities feel the worst effects7.

Disproportionate Effects on Developing Nations

Developing countries face big climate challenges because they have fewer resources and infrastructure. They deal with severe weather, rising sea levels, and food shortages. Communities of color are hit especially hard. For instance, Black Americans are more likely to live in old, crowded homes, making them more at risk from heat8. Also, poor areas in cities can be much hotter than richer ones because they have fewer parks8.

Addressing Geographic Disparities in Climate Action

To fix the unfairness in climate change, we need global teamwork. Rich countries should help poor ones adapt and fight climate change. This means giving money, sharing technology, and helping them build their skills. Fixing these issues is key to real climate justice.

Factor Developed Countries Developing Countries
Carbon Emissions High Low
Climate Vulnerability Lower Higher
Adaptation Resources Abundant Limited
Economic Impact Moderate Severe

Fixing the unfairness in climate change needs a complex plan. It’s not just about cutting carbon emissions. It’s also about sharing resources fairly and supporting climate adaptation efforts. By focusing on these areas, we can aim for a fair and sustainable future for everyone.

Historical Context: Colonialism and Indigenous Exploitation

The colonial legacy has deeply affected climate justice and indigenous rights. It’s surprising to see that the U.S. and European Union produce 32% of global emissions. Meanwhile, Africa only adds 3.8%9. This shows how unfairly climate change is spread out.

Colonialism and exploiting natural resources have hurt indigenous communities a lot. In South Africa, British colonizers created protected areas for animals, limiting indigenous people’s land use for farming, fishing, and hunting9. This move changed their way of life and still affects their climate adaptation today.

In the U.S., the environmental movement often forgets the true history of the land, hurting indigenous communities10. It ignores the important role of indigenous knowledge in fighting climate change and adapting to it.

To fight for climate justice, we need to do several things:

  • Give back land
  • Work with Indigenous communities to protect the land
  • Support Indigenous land care with money
  • Let Indigenous people make decisions in policy
  • Value Indigenous science in fighting climate change10

These steps can right past wrongs and lead to fair climate solutions. Even space tourism can affect indigenous lands and increase the use of natural resources.

“Indigenous communities have a significant role in climate activism, contributing innovations and solutions that prioritize social and ecological needs.”

By facing the colonial past and supporting indigenous rights, we can fight climate change more justly and effectively.

Gender Inequality in Climate Change Impacts

Climate change hits everyone hard, but not equally. Women face special challenges because of it. We need to focus on making climate solutions that work for everyone, especially women.

Unique Challenges Faced by Women

In low-income countries, women depend a lot on farming and nature. They work hard to get food, water, and fuel for their families. But, climate change makes their jobs even harder11.

Girls often have to quit school to help their mothers with these tasks. This is because the climate crisis is making their work load heavier11.

Women also face more health risks from climate change. Heat can cause stillbirths, and diseases like malaria and Zika virus can harm their health11. In places like Turkana County, Kenya, there’s not enough rain, so women eat less than men11.

Gender-Sensitive Climate Policies

We need to make climate policies that consider women’s needs. In 123 countries, laws limit women’s rights to land and farming12. The European Union wants to be carbon neutral by 2050 and knows women make better environmental choices12.

But, women are still not in key roles when it comes to climate decisions12. Research shows that teams with women make better climate policies12.

Empowering Women in Climate Action

Teaching women and making them aware is crucial for fighting climate change12. By tackling gender inequality, we boost women’s power and make communities stronger against climate change. This helps everyone, not just women, adapt better to climate issues.

Aspect Impact on Women Potential Solutions
Resource Access Limited access to food, water, and fuel Equal resource distribution policies
Health Risks Increased maternal health issues Gender-specific healthcare initiatives
Decision Making Underrepresentation in climate policies Inclusive leadership programs
Education Girls leaving school due to climate burdens Climate-resilient education systems

Intergenerational Climate Injustice

Intergenerational climate justice

Climate change is a big problem that we’re passing on to future generations. The carbon budget, or the amount of greenhouse gases we can emit, is getting smaller. This means our kids and grandkids will have a harder time dealing with their climate legacy.

Legal systems are starting to understand this issue. Now, at least 38 national-level climate change laws and policies across 26 countries mention intergenerational justice13. In a big case, young people sued Germany, saying its emission targets hurt the rights of future generations13.

The United Nations is also stepping up. In May 2023, they backed the Common Principles on Future Generations. These principles aim to make sure UN agencies think about the needs of those yet to come13. This move shows we’re getting more aware of our duty to protect the planet for the future.

“We do not inherit the Earth from our ancestors; we borrow it from our children.” – Native American Proverb

Climate change doesn’t affect everyone the same way. Poor countries will likely face the worst effects because they’re less able to adapt14. This makes the issue of intergenerational injustice even worse, as these countries often don’t emit much but suffer more.

Even though we’re making progress on climate change, we still need better international agreements to deal with its long-term effects14. When you think about your financial future and the pros and cons of robo-advisors, remember to also consider your environmental impact. Think about the world you’ll leave behind.

Year Milestone Impact on Future Generations
2007 IPCC Fourth Assessment Confirmed unequivocal climate warming
2015 Well-being of Future Generations Act (Wales) Requires public bodies to consider future needs
2019 Youth complaint to UN Challenged countries’ failure to address climate change
2023 UN Common Principles on Future Generations Ensured UN actions consider future generations

Economic Inequality and Climate Change

Climate change and economic inequality are closely linked, affecting vulnerable communities deeply. This cycle impacts sustainable development and efforts to fight poverty.

The Poverty-Climate Change Cycle

The link between poverty and climate change is clear. The poorest half of the world, about 3.5 billion people, creates only 10 percent of carbon emissions15. But, these communities suffer most from climate change, making it hard for them to recover economically.

Economic Impacts on Vulnerable Communities

Climate change makes existing inequalities worse. Women are 80 percent of those displaced by climate change, says the United Nations15. In Mexico, cuts in the budget led to 23% more people without health services from 2018 to 2022. Over 188,000 people in Guerrero didn’t have healthcare in 201816. These facts show we need fair climate solutions fast.

Strategies for Equitable Climate Solutions

Fixing economic inequality is key to fighting climate change. The World Health Organization started the Alliance for Transformative Action on Climate and Health at COP26 in 202116. This group aims to make health systems resilient and sustainable. Such efforts are important for reducing poverty and promoting sustainable development.

Women’s local knowledge and leadership are key to building resilience and creating climate solutions15. By using inclusive strategies that help vulnerable communities, we can aim for a fair and sustainable future.

Racial Disparities in Climate Change Effects

Climate change hits marginalized communities the hardest. African Americans are 75% more likely to live near industrial sites than Whites, facing more environmental risks17. This leads to health issues, with 13.4% of African American kids having asthma, compared to 7.3% of White kids17.

The climate justice movement shines a light on these unfair differences. After disasters, white areas often get wealthier, while minority areas get poorer17. This makes the economic gap wider and keeps communities of color in poverty.

Where people live affects their exposure to environmental dangers. In Baltimore, 60% of African Americans live close to a Toxic Release Industry17. Across the U.S., 68% of African Americans live near a coal-fired power plant, compared to 56% of Whites17.

Climate change’s effects go beyond just the environment. Studies show that citizenship status and income level affect how people deal with heat-related deaths18. Low-income families and people with disabilities are at higher risk from climate change19.

“Failure to act boldly against climate change will worsen existing disparities in health, housing, and income faced by communities of color.”

Some local governments are fighting these disparities. Hennepin County uses a tool to see how climate policies affect people of color19. They’re working to increase air conditioning access and tree cover to fight the heat island effect in at-risk areas19.

Race Proximity to Coal-Fired Power Plant Child Asthma Rate
African American 68% within 30 miles 13.4%
White 56% within 30 miles 7.3%

While space tourism gets a lot of attention, the climate justice movement focuses on these racial gaps in climate change effects. By aiming for fair solutions, we can create a better future for everyone.

Language Barriers and Immigration Status in Climate Action

Climate change hits everyone hard, but not equally. Immigrant communities face special challenges in getting ready for disasters and understanding climate issues. Let’s look at how language barriers and immigration status affect climate action.

Challenges in Disaster Communication

When disasters hit, clear communication is key. For immigrants, language barriers make getting important info hard. In California, where climate events are common, this is a big problem. About 8 to 10 percent of people in Ventura and Santa Barbara counties might not have papers20.

These folks might not get emergency alerts or orders if they’re not in their language.

Climate communication challenges

Inclusive Climate Information Strategies

To fix this, climate info must be for everyone. This means giving out info in many languages and through different ways. Community groups often help by offering resources in local languages20. But, they can’t do it all to help undocumented communities hit by climate disasters.

Supporting Vulnerable Immigrant Communities

Immigrant rights are key in fighting climate change. About 16 million undocumented immigrants live in the U.S., facing big challenges because of their status20. This gets worse during climate events. For example, in Pajaro, California, bad weather caused $600 million in damage to farms, where many undocumented workers work21.

Some groups are trying to help. California’s Governor Gavin Newsom started a $95 million program to help undocumented people who don’t get FEMA aid21. This is a good start, but we need more support to make sure immigrant communities aren’t left out of climate action.

Challenge Impact Potential Solution
Language Barriers Difficulty understanding emergency alerts Multi-lingual communication strategies
Immigration Status Fear of seeking help during disasters Confidential support services
Economic Vulnerability Inability to recover from climate-related losses Targeted financial assistance programs

Dealing with climate change means thinking about what immigrant communities need. By tackling language barriers and immigration issues in climate action, we can make disaster plans better for everyone. This idea also applies to other areas, like finance. For example, when looking at the good and bad of robo-advisors, we should think about how they help or hurt immigrant access to financial planning.

Climate Justice for Disabled, Chronically-Ill, and Elderly Populations

Climate change affects everyone, but some groups feel the impact more. Disabled, chronically-ill, and elderly people face special challenges with climate change. They struggle with extreme weather and health risks more than others.

In Canada, the situation is worrying. The country is warming faster than the rest of the world, and by 2036, a quarter of its people will be seniors22. Over half of these seniors already face social isolation and money issues, making them less ready for climate change22. Sadly, 40% of older Canadians don’t have air conditioning, leaving them at risk during heat waves22.

Healthcare access is key for these groups. A huge 80% of older adults in Canada have at least one chronic disease, making them more vulnerable to climate-related health problems22. The World Health Organization says climate change could lead to an extra 250,000 deaths every year from 2030 to 205022.

We need to focus on climate justice for these vulnerable groups. This means making sure they have access to cool places, better healthcare, and specific climate adaptation plans. People with disabilities, chronic illnesses, and the elderly are our loved ones who need our help in facing climate challenges.

In the United States, the Justice40 Initiative aims to give at least 40% of federal climate and clean energy funds to disadvantaged communities23. This plan recognizes that climate vulnerability is shaped by exposure, sensitivity, and adaptability. For example, those in poor areas face more risks from extreme heat and pollution23.

To tackle these issues, the CDC has started the CORE Health Equity Science and Intervention Strategy. It focuses on reducing health inequalities caused by things like racism and discrimination23. Tools like the Environmental Justice Dashboard help decision-makers make sure climate adaptation efforts help those who need them most.

Common Misconceptions About Climate Change

Many people misunderstand climate science, leading to myths about global warming. Let’s look at some common misconceptions and correct them with facts.

Debunking Climate Change Myths

Some think climate change is just a natural process. But, the truth is shocking. Global temperatures are at record highs, with the last 10 years being the warmest ever24. This warming is not natural and is caused by human actions.

Another myth is that cold weather means global warming isn’t real. But, the truth is, extreme heatwaves have grown more common since the 1950s because of climate change24. Climate change changes weather patterns, leading to more intense hot and cold events.

The Role of Scientific Consensus

Scientific consensus is key in raising awareness about climate change. Over 97% of climate scientists agree that human actions are warming the planet. This agreement is backed by strong evidence from many fields.

Renewable energy is often misunderstood but is now the cheapest way to make electricity. Solar and wind power are much cheaper than gas24. By 2050, 90% of the world’s electricity should come from renewable sources25. This fact debunks the myth that green energy is too costly.

Addressing Climate Skepticism

Climate skepticism often comes from wrong information. Some think space tourism is a big cause of climate change. While space travel affects the environment, its impact is tiny compared to other areas.

It’s important to know that climate change isn’t just a future issue. We’re already seeing its effects on food, migration, conflict, disease, and global stability24. The Paris Agreement, signed by 196 countries, aims to keep global warming below 1.5°C above pre-Industrial Revolution levels24.

By staying informed and fact-checking climate information, we can fight misinformation and support meaningful climate action.

Renewable Energy: Myths vs. Reality

You’ve likely heard that renewable energy is too expensive and unreliable. But let’s look at the facts. In 2020, wind and solar power grew by 45%, more than any other energy source26. This growth is making clean energy cheaper than ever. Costs for wind power have dropped 70% since 2010, and solar prices fell 89% in the last decade26.

Many think renewables are expensive, but they’re actually the cheapest way to make electricity. Switching to clean energy could save $12 trillion compared to using fossil fuels27. This move is good for the planet and your wallet. Clean energy jobs already employ three times as many workers as fossil fuels26.

Some worry about the reliability of renewable energy. But, new tech in energy storage and grid management is solving these issues. By 2030, solar and wind could make up 40% of electricity supply27. Offshore wind farms, like those planned for the Atlantic Coast, would offer nearly constant power28. The debate over robo-advisors can’t compare to the benefits of this clean energy shift.

Renewables are a clear winner when it comes to the environment. They have the lowest environmental impact of all energy sources26. Concerns about wind turbines harming birds are greatly exaggerated – they cause less than 0.003% of bird deaths from human activities28. With 80% of solar panels being recyclable, the future of clean energy looks bright and sustainable26.

FAQ

What are common mistakes in addressing climate justice?

Common mistakes include ignoring the unfair impact on some places, not considering the past, and not focusing on gender equality. It’s key to understand these to act effectively on climate change.

Why is climate justice important?

Climate justice means making sure climate change doesn’t unfairly hit some more than others. It’s about the big effects on poor areas and less developed countries. Important parts include knowing past wrongs, making fair solutions, and helping those left behind. This is vital for fair and lasting climate policies.

What are the global impacts of climate change?

Climate change is making the Earth warmer, with the last decade being the warmest on record. It leads to more intense weather events like heatwaves and floods. These changes harm nature, food supplies, and human health worldwide. We need global action to tackle this issue.

How does geographic injustice affect climate change?

Some countries like Somalia and Chad suffer a lot from climate change, even if they don’t emit much carbon. On the other hand, big polluters often have more resources to deal with climate disasters. This shows we need global cooperation and support for the most affected areas.

How does historical context play a role in climate justice?

The past exploitation of resources and lands has left many countries struggling with climate change today. Indigenous peoples, who know how to protect nature, are facing loss of land and ways of life due to climate change and land degradation.

How does climate change affect women disproportionately?

Women face a big burden from climate change, with more household work, higher risk of violence, and less say in decisions. Making climate policies with a focus on gender is key to empowering women in fighting climate change.

What is intergenerational climate injustice?

Today’s kids will have to cut their carbon emissions by a lot to keep warming under 1.5°C. This means they’ll live with the effects of climate change, including less resources and health problems from extreme weather.

How are economic inequality and climate change linked?

Climate change and poverty go hand in hand. If we don’t act, up to 130 million more people could fall into poverty by 2030. Poor people, especially women, are most at risk from climate impacts. We need to tackle economic inequalities and support vulnerable groups.

How does climate change affect racial minorities disproportionately?

Climate change hits Black, Indigenous, and other minority communities hard, due to past and present injustices. These groups face more environmental dangers, are more vulnerable to extreme weather, and have less access to climate help. We must address these racial disparities for fair climate action.

How can language barriers and immigration status hinder climate action?

Not speaking the dominant language and immigration status can block access to vital climate and disaster info. This is a big issue for refugee communities, who are often very vulnerable. We need to make sure everyone gets the climate information they need.

How does climate change impact disabled, chronically-ill, and elderly populations?

These groups face unique challenges from climate change, like being more at risk from extreme weather and needing special climate solutions. Climate justice must include making sure they have the support and resources they need.

What are some common misconceptions about climate change?

Some think the Earth’s climate has always changed, that global warming isn’t real when it’s cold, or that plants love more CO2. It’s important to clear up these myths for a better understanding and support for climate action. Science is key in fighting climate skepticism and guiding policy.

What are some myths about renewable energy?

Some think renewable energy is too costly and unreliable. But solar and wind power are now the cheapest electricity sources. Improvements in storing energy and managing the grid are solving the issue of not always being available. Switching to renewable energy is crucial for fighting climate change and helping with the cost of living.

Source Links

  1. 10 Climate injustices — and how to fight them – https://www.concern.net/news/climate-injustices
  2. What is Climate Justice? | Global Witness – https://www.globalwitness.org/en/blog/what-climate-justice/
  3. The Climate Justice Movement: Injustice Issues & Examples – The Solutions Project – https://thesolutionsproject.org/info/environmental-climate-justice/
  4. Climate change is a matter of justice – here’s why | UNDP Climate Promise – https://climatepromise.undp.org/news-and-stories/climate-change-matter-justice-heres-why
  5. What is Climate Justice? – UC Center for Climate Justice – https://centerclimatejustice.universityofcalifornia.edu/what-is-climate-justice/
  6. Elevating the social justice impact of climate change – https://dworakpeck.usc.edu/news/elevating-the-social-justice-impact-of-climate-change
  7. The Injustice of Climate Change – https://magazine.howard.edu/stories/the-injustice-of-climate-change
  8. Why Climate Change is an Environmental Justice Issue – https://news.climate.columbia.edu/2020/09/22/climate-change-environmental-justice/
  9. How Colonialism Spawned and Continues to Exacerbate the Climate Crisis – https://news.climate.columbia.edu/2022/09/21/how-colonialism-spawned-and-continues-to-exacerbate-the-climate-crisis/
  10. Colonialism, the climate crisis, and the need to center Indigenous voices – https://www.ehn.org/indigenous-people-and-climate-change-2655479728.html
  11. Explainer: How gender inequality and climate change are interconnected | UN Women – Headquarters – https://www.unwomen.org/en/news-stories/explainer/2022/02/explainer-how-gender-inequality-and-climate-change-are-interconnected
  12. How Can the Two Go Hand in Hand? – Equinet – https://equineteurope.org/gender-equality-and-climate-change-mitigation-how-can-the-two-go-hand-in-hand/
  13. What is meant by intergenerational climate justice? – Grantham Research Institute on climate change and the environment – https://www.lse.ac.uk/granthaminstitute/explainers/what-is-meant-by-intergenerational-climate-justice/
  14. Climate Change, Intergenerational Equity, and International Law – https://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2637&context=facpub
  15. Climate change and inequality – https://www.oxfamamerica.org/explore/issues/climate-action/climate-change-and-inequality/
  16. Climate Change and Economic Inequality: Are We Responding to Health Injustices?     – https://www.hhrjournal.org/2023/12/climate-change-and-economic-inequality-are-we-responding-to-health-injustices/
  17. Racial Disparities and Climate Change — PSCI – https://psci.princeton.edu/tips/2020/8/15/racial-disparities-and-climate-change
  18. Racial Disparities in Climate Change-Related Health Effects in the United States – https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9363288/
  19. Reducing racial disparities and seeking climate justice – https://www.hennepin.us/climate-action/what-hennepin-is-doing/reducing-disparities
  20. Undocumented and Unprotected: How Immigration Status Amplifies Climate Vulnerability – Non Profit News | Nonprofit Quarterly – https://nonprofitquarterly.org/undocumented-and-unprotected-how-immigration-status-amplifies-climate-vulnerability/
  21. The Power of Us: Climate change has disproportionately impacted these vulnerable US communities, experts say – https://abcnews.go.com/US/power-us-climate-change-disproportionately-impacted-vulnerable-us/story?id=109325414
  22. Climate crisis risks to elderly health: strategies for effective promotion and response – https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10989664/
  23. About Justice, Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion in Climate Adaptation Planning – https://www.cdc.gov/climate-health/php/brace/jedi.html
  24. Here are 10 myths about climate change – https://www.wwf.org.uk/updates/here-are-10-myths-about-climate-change
  25. Myth Busters | United Nations – https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/science/mythbusters
  26. 5 Renewable Energy Myths Debunked – https://www.greenamerica.org/blog/5-myths-about-renewable-energy-debunked
  27. Reality Check: The IEA Busts 10 Myths about the Energy Transition – RMI – https://rmi.org/reality-check-the-iea-busts-10-myths-about-the-energy-transition/
  28. Renewable Energy: Myth vs. Fact | Oceana – https://oceana.org/renewable-energy-myth-vs-fact-0/

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